Germany
Augsburg Confession (1530)
The Augsburg Confession of 1530: its occasion at the Diet of Augsburg, Melanchthon's authorship, Luther's part from the Coburg, the twenty-eight articles, the Roman Confutation, and the Invariata and Variata editions.
Boniface
The English monk who evangelized the Germans and bound their churches to the bishop of Rome.
Geography of the Reformation
How borders, political alliances, trade, cities, language, and regional conditions shaped the spread and survival of the Protestant Reformation.
Impact on Culture
How vernacular Bibles, psalm singing, worship, visual art, national languages, and sacred music reshaped Western culture after the Reformation.
Impact on Education
How the Reformation’s demand for biblical literacy produced schools, academies, parish education, and a broad Protestant commitment to learning.
Johannes Brenz
A short biography of Johannes Brenz (1499–1570), Luther’s hearer at Heidelberg, reformer of Schwäbisch Hall and Württemberg, author of the Württemberg Confession, and catechist.
Julius Pflug
The humanist bishop of Naumburg who sought reunion on Rome’s terms and helped write the Augsburg Interim of 1548.
Martin Luther’s Travels
An interactive chronological map of Martin Luther’s life and travels through Eisleben, Erfurt, Rome, Wittenberg, Worms, and the Wartburg.
Other Reformers
Many were the hands and hearts that contributed to the Reformation. Here are a few other prominent reformers, arranged by the lands where they chiefly labored.
Peter Canisius
The Jesuit “second apostle of Germany,” whose catechisms answered Luther’s for two centuries.
Philip of Hesse
As a seventeen-year-old, Philip heard Luther defend his teachings at the Diet of Worms.
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI, 1522 to 1523: the Dutch scholar and tutor of Charles V who confessed the corruption of the Roman court at the Diet of Nuremberg and died with his reforms unfinished.
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI, 1522 to 1523: the Dutch scholar and tutor of Charles V who confessed the corruption of the Roman court at the Diet of Nuremberg and died with his reforms unfinished.
The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent, 1545 to 1563: Rome's answer to the Reformation. Its three periods, the decree on Scripture and tradition, the decree on justification and its anathemas, the abuses it genuinely reformed, and the Protestant replies of Calvin and Chemnitz.
The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent, 1545 to 1563: Rome's answer to the Reformation. Its three periods, the decree on Scripture and tradition, the decree on justification and its anathemas, the abuses it genuinely reformed, and the Protestant replies of Calvin and Chemnitz.
The Diet of Augsburg
The Diet of Augsburg of 1530: why Charles V called it, the three confessions submitted to him, the Confutation, the Recess of 19 November and its ultimatum, and the Schmalkaldic League that answered it.
The Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms, 1521: Luther before Charles V, drawn chiefly from Roland Bainton's Here I Stand — the two hearings, the request for a day's delay, the answer of 18 April, the committee that nearly broke him, and the Edict passed by a rump.
The Heidelberg Catechism
The Heidelberg Catechism of 1563: why Frederick III commissioned it, who actually wrote it, its threefold shape of guilt, grace, and gratitude, the law placed under thanksgiving, Question 80, and its place among the Three Forms of Unity.
The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus: Ignatius of Loyola, the Spiritual Exercises, the Jesuits at Trent, their schools and missions, the English mission, and the Reformation response.
The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus: Ignatius of Loyola, the Spiritual Exercises, the Jesuits at Trent, their schools and missions, the English mission, and the Reformation response.
The Reformation in Germany
A concise history of the German Reformation, its political geography, Martin Luther, the princes, imperial conflict, and the spread of Lutheran reform.
The Tetrapolitan Confession (1530)
An introduction to the Tetrapolitan Confession of 1530 and its complete English text, including the exordium, twenty-three chapters, and conclusion.
Where?
Explore 30 major Reformation events in chronological and geographical context, from Erasmus's Greek New Testament to the Second Helvetic Confession.
