Lutheran versus Reformed
The following comparisons reflect differences identified between Lutheran and Reformed traditions. These differences should not be directly equated with Luther and Calvin themselves but are reflections of the theological developments in the traditions that associate with them. Some have argued that Luther was more Reformed than Lutheranism, which in some areas is more representative of Philip Melanchthon’s theological thought than Luther's.
Table T1
| Issue | Lutheran | Reformed |
|---|---|---|
| Order of Salvation | Calling, illumination, conversion, regeneration, justification, sanctification, glorification | Election, predestination, union with Christ, calling, regeneration, faith, repentance, justification, sanctification, glorification |
| Grace | Grace can be resisted. Baptism or preaching are particular means of grace that strengthen against resistance. | Grace is irresistible. |
| Repentance | Leads to faith | Flows from faith |
| Baptism | Removes the guilt and power of sin | Incorporates into the covenant |
| The Law | Two-fold purpose: to reveal God's holiness and drive the sinner to Christ | Three-fold purpose: to reveal God's holiness, to drive the sinner to Christ, and to show the believer how to please God |
| Lord's Supper | Christ is present in the sacrament objectively, though change does not occur in substance of the elements | Christ is present spiritually, which is benefitted only by faith |
| Church and State | Chruch and state are separate institutions that may coordinate in some functions. | Church and state are separate institutions that perform separate functions. |
| Principle of Worship | Normative Principle — Whatever Scripture does not prohibit is permissible | Regulative Principle — Whatever Scripture does not command is prohibited |
