The Reformation in Holland was characterized as a people's movement rather than being led by a single prominent reformer. It spread rapidly in the 16th century, favored by the country's liberal traditions, spirit of independence, and extensive commerce. Calvinism became the dominant reformed system, leading to the establishment of the Dutch Reformed Church. The movement faced severe persecution under Spanish rule, particularly during the reign of Philip II, who introduced the Inquisition to the Netherlands. This oppression led to a revolt of the northern provinces, resulting in the formation of the Dutch Republic and the advance of the Reformation. The Reformation in Holland was also influenced by earlier movements such as the Brethren of the Common Life and the publication of the Dutch New Testament in 1523.

Geography